Having blogged samples of my books on English place names and also examined the etymologies of the nations of the world and their respective capitals I thought it time to cast my net a little wider. This time Benin and a look at some of its largest settlements and most interesting names and starting with the capital.
Thimphu is the largest city, although only having a population of 68,000, and the origins of its name are unclear. It is not recorded until the latter half of the 14th century. There is a traditional explanation, one coming from a written account of the travels of Jamyang Kuenga Senge (1314-47) and his meeting with Jagpa Melan, a deity local to the area now known as Thimphu. It is said Jagpa Melan dissolved before the man's eyes, becoming a part of the rock on which he stood. Thus the name of Thimphu means 'dissolving high ground' where thim 'dissolve' precedes phu 'high ground'.
Punakha was the capital city of Bhutan until 1955, when replaced by Thimphu, although it is still the official winter capital owing to its milder climate. This is how Punakha Dzong is usually referred to, although even that is an abbreviation of Pungtang Dechen Photrang Dzong meaning 'the palace of great happiness or bliss'. Said palace was built in the middle of the 17th century and still stands among on the banks of the river.
Trashigang, also given as Tashigang, derives its name from the Tshangia inhabitants of this eastern region of Bhutan and, in their Dzongkha language, means 'easterner'.
Wangdue Phodrang shares its name woth the district. Again the only explanation is a traditional one, said to have been given by Ngawang Namgyal who, when searching for a good site for a new dzong, discovered a boy playing near the river. The boy was known as Wangdi and he therefore named the site 'Wangdi's palace'.
Trongsa was founded with the building of the first temple in 1543 and named as 'the new village'.
Damphu as with Thimphu the suffix here is phu 'high ground' and this by a confluence of two rivers with dam meaning 'joining'.
Gasa is known locally as Tashi Thongmon, also the name of the dzong, and this the name of the local deity.
Jakar quite literally means 'white bird', a reminder of the tradition of the monastery being founded on the site where a white bird signalled to show where it should be built.
Note the spellings of the places are English as the piece is written in English.
Sunday, 16 August 2015
Sunday, 9 August 2015
Benin Place Names Explained
Having blogged samples of my books on English place names and also examined the etymologies of the nations of the world and their respective capitals I thought it time to cast my net a little wider. This time Benin and a look at some of its largest settlements and most interesting names and starting with the capital.
Cotonou is named from the local Fon language where the name originally meant 'river of death', this being the Oueme River.
Porto-Novo is a name of Portuguese origin and describes 'the new port', although it has not been 'new' since renamed by them in the 16th century.
Parakou is a Dendi word meaning La ville de tout le monde, a reminder this had been French territory, indeed once known as French Dahomey, and refers to 'the city of everyone'. Incidentally the name of Dahomey is discussed under my earlier blogThe Etymology of the Names of African Nations
Bohicon is a modern form of the correct name of Gboxicon, literally meaning 'market sheep' and accurately describing the major commodity fuelling the economy of the city.
Note the spellings of the places are English as the piece is written in English.
Cotonou is named from the local Fon language where the name originally meant 'river of death', this being the Oueme River.
Porto-Novo is a name of Portuguese origin and describes 'the new port', although it has not been 'new' since renamed by them in the 16th century.
Parakou is a Dendi word meaning La ville de tout le monde, a reminder this had been French territory, indeed once known as French Dahomey, and refers to 'the city of everyone'. Incidentally the name of Dahomey is discussed under my earlier blog
Bohicon is a modern form of the correct name of Gboxicon, literally meaning 'market sheep' and accurately describing the major commodity fuelling the economy of the city.
Note the spellings of the places are English as the piece is written in English.
Sunday, 2 August 2015
Belize Place Names Explained
Having blogged samples of my books on English place names and also examined the etymologies of the nations of the world and their respective capitals I thought it time to cast my net a little wider. This time Belize and a look at some of its largest settlements and most interesting names and starting with the the nation's namesake.
Belize City is the capital city of the district known as Belize although no longer the capital of the nation of Belize - it stands on a tributary of the Belize River. The nation was formerly known as British Honduras, when Belize was still the capital city. The name was first recorded in 1677, in the journal of a Domincan priest named Fray Jose Delgado, when speaking of the Rio Soyte (now known as the Sittee River), Rio Xibum (now Sibun River), and the Rio Balis which is presumed to be the Belize River and coming from the Mayan word belix meaning 'muddy waters'. Other suggestions of a Spanish pronunciation of the name of Peter Wallace, a Scot who did have a small settlement named after him but not when, or even if, he was ever here, are likely muthical. With French and African derivations similarly creative from an etymological perspective.
Belmopan has been the capital city since 1973, three years after central government had relocated here. It is the smallest capital city, in terms of population, in all of the Americas and is only the third largest settlement in the country. However the place is little more than 50 years old, building beginning as recently as 1960 when the city of Belize was well-nigh destroyed by a hurricane. Such a recent origin means the origins of the name are well known, this is a union of two rivers - the Belize and the Mopan, their confluence found nearby.
San Ignacio is the second largest settlement in Belize by population, yet still only ranks as a town. It was originally named El Cayo by the Spanich, cayo meaning 'island' and an apt description of a place surrounded by water. The modern name is the Spanish version of Saint Ignatius.
Orange Walk Town is the capital of Orange Walk District, both originating in the fruit. However the town's nickname of Sugar City is more accurate, this being the hub of sugar production in Belize where sugar is its leading industry. Under Mayan rule the place was known as Holpatin, the meaning of which is unknown.
Dangriga was once the second largest city in the country and has enjoyed a revival in recent decades, principally through the return to Garifuna culture. These Carib people had first settled the region before the British arrived in 1832, naming the place from the Garifuna word meaning 'standing waters'.
Note the spellings of the places are English as the piece is written in English.
Belize City is the capital city of the district known as Belize although no longer the capital of the nation of Belize - it stands on a tributary of the Belize River. The nation was formerly known as British Honduras, when Belize was still the capital city. The name was first recorded in 1677, in the journal of a Domincan priest named Fray Jose Delgado, when speaking of the Rio Soyte (now known as the Sittee River), Rio Xibum (now Sibun River), and the Rio Balis which is presumed to be the Belize River and coming from the Mayan word belix meaning 'muddy waters'. Other suggestions of a Spanish pronunciation of the name of Peter Wallace, a Scot who did have a small settlement named after him but not when, or even if, he was ever here, are likely muthical. With French and African derivations similarly creative from an etymological perspective.
Belmopan has been the capital city since 1973, three years after central government had relocated here. It is the smallest capital city, in terms of population, in all of the Americas and is only the third largest settlement in the country. However the place is little more than 50 years old, building beginning as recently as 1960 when the city of Belize was well-nigh destroyed by a hurricane. Such a recent origin means the origins of the name are well known, this is a union of two rivers - the Belize and the Mopan, their confluence found nearby.
San Ignacio is the second largest settlement in Belize by population, yet still only ranks as a town. It was originally named El Cayo by the Spanich, cayo meaning 'island' and an apt description of a place surrounded by water. The modern name is the Spanish version of Saint Ignatius.
Orange Walk Town is the capital of Orange Walk District, both originating in the fruit. However the town's nickname of Sugar City is more accurate, this being the hub of sugar production in Belize where sugar is its leading industry. Under Mayan rule the place was known as Holpatin, the meaning of which is unknown.
Dangriga was once the second largest city in the country and has enjoyed a revival in recent decades, principally through the return to Garifuna culture. These Carib people had first settled the region before the British arrived in 1832, naming the place from the Garifuna word meaning 'standing waters'.
Note the spellings of the places are English as the piece is written in English.
Sunday, 26 July 2015
Belarus Place Names Explained
Having blogged samples of my books on English place names and also examined the etymologies of the nations of the world and their respective capitals I thought it time to cast my net a little wider. This time Belarus and a look at some of its largest settlements and most interesting names and starting with the capital city of Minsk.
Minsk is first recorded in an 11th century text written in Old East Slavic as Mensk. Later we find Miensk and Minsk, all of which are derived from the river name of Men. Despite a number of theories, the origin of the river name remains unknown.
Dzyarzhynsk had formerly been called Koidanova, Kojdanau, and Koidanov, until renamed in June 1932 in honour of Felix Dzerzhinsky, a famous Bolshevik and chief of the Soviet secret police, he being born near the city.
Zaslawye was founded in AD 985 by Valdimir the Great. He left his wife Rogneda and son Izyaslav of Polotsk here while on his travels, his son giving the place its name.
Krupki is one of those names where the grammar is not clear. Hence the origin is known although the meaning could either be interpreted as '(where) grain is ground' or more likely 'the grain mill'.
Vitebsk has developed around the harbour on the Vitba River. Clearly the river has given the city its name although the origin of the river name is unknown.
Orsha is another city in Belarus once named after its river. However here we not only know the city's earlier name of Rsha but also know the Rsha River is derived from a Baltic root word rus meaning 'flowing slowly'. The modern form simply a variation on the original.
Navapolatsk is close to the city of Polatsk and means 'new Polatsk'. The town was established as recently as 1958, by those from the following city.
Polotsk is another which takes its name from the local river. The Polota River is an Old East Slavic name, meaning 'falling into' this describes its confluence with the Dvina River.
Lepel's origins are confused for it is unclear as to even which language the name comes from. Perhaps this is lepene and thus 'the lake between the groves of lime trees'; or maybe this is from the Belarusian for 'where advanced pottery is made' or even the boast that it is 'the best place to live'. Three very different meanings from three well-nigh identical words showing how difficult defining a place name can be.
Dubrovna is an ancient name, one coming from the Proto-Slavic term for a 'forest of oak trees' - this is recognised by the inclusion of the leaves and fruit of this tree in the coat of arms.
Dokshytsy is first recorded in the early fifteenth century and is named for the many tributaries or doxyczahe in this area.
Grodno derives its name from the Old East Slavic gorodit meaning 'to fence in' or 'to enclose'.
Ashmyany once stood on land held by Lithuania, with its name coming from the river. Hence the Oshmianka River gave the town its name, although then it was the Asmena River from akumo meaning 'stone'. Note the modern version is the plural.
Navahrudak was founded around the 11th century, the name possibly having the same origins as Novogorodok or 'the new little town' as it is listed in the middle of the 13th century.
Slonim is mentioned as such in 1252, with alternative versions as Uslonim and Vslonim. It is thought to come from the Slavic zaslona meaning 'a screen', this pointing to it being a southern outpost of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Occasionally there are suggestions of this coming from slon, although nobody really thinks the place names comes from the Polish word for 'elephant'.
Lida is another place name taken from its local river. Here the Lidzeya literally means 'to fuse' or 'to cast' but in this context is a pointer to a forest clearing.
Babruysk shares an origin with the Babruyka River in likely coming from Belarusian babyor meaning 'beaver'. Pollution and hunting has meant neither the city nor the river have seen a beaver in its natural habitat for more than 150 years.
Vawkavysk is traditionally held to originate from the local dialect where wolkow isk means 'searching for wolves' or wolkow wisk meaning 'the howling of wolves' with the river named before the town. This traditional relies on the name being an ancient one and given to the territory before the river or the settlement. Hence toponymists give a much later origin, one based on a single manuscript dating from somewhere around 1600. It tells of this being an area of great forest through which weaved the Nietupa River, giving travellers the problem of having to weave along narrow paths to either cross or avoid it. The forest also contained a cabin, this the home of Voloko and Visek, two robbers preying on every traveller passing through the forest. When one Prince Vladislav Zabeyko heard of these attacks he set out to find and kill these men. While the bodies of the men hung from a nearby tree to be fed on by the local birds, the first buildings of the new settlement were built on the site of the robbers' cabin. When all trace of the two bodies had vanished a large stone was placed there to warn others of the vengeance meted out to anyone who dared to use the forest for criminal purposes. This stone later incorporated in the building of the temple.
To find such a story as that behind the apparent origins of Vawkavysk promoted by toponymists is almost shocking. Indeed we would expect this to be the traditional tale. Note this narrative is from a single document, is from a much later date than most place names, and the absolute proof comes from the river. While the Nietupa River provided an apparent barrier to travellers in the sixteenth century, there is no major river here today, nor any water course which might prove difficult to cross.
Note the spellings of the places are English as the piece is written in English.
Minsk is first recorded in an 11th century text written in Old East Slavic as Mensk. Later we find Miensk and Minsk, all of which are derived from the river name of Men. Despite a number of theories, the origin of the river name remains unknown.
Dzyarzhynsk had formerly been called Koidanova, Kojdanau, and Koidanov, until renamed in June 1932 in honour of Felix Dzerzhinsky, a famous Bolshevik and chief of the Soviet secret police, he being born near the city.
Zaslawye was founded in AD 985 by Valdimir the Great. He left his wife Rogneda and son Izyaslav of Polotsk here while on his travels, his son giving the place its name.
Krupki is one of those names where the grammar is not clear. Hence the origin is known although the meaning could either be interpreted as '(where) grain is ground' or more likely 'the grain mill'.
Vitebsk has developed around the harbour on the Vitba River. Clearly the river has given the city its name although the origin of the river name is unknown.
Orsha is another city in Belarus once named after its river. However here we not only know the city's earlier name of Rsha but also know the Rsha River is derived from a Baltic root word rus meaning 'flowing slowly'. The modern form simply a variation on the original.
Navapolatsk is close to the city of Polatsk and means 'new Polatsk'. The town was established as recently as 1958, by those from the following city.
Polotsk is another which takes its name from the local river. The Polota River is an Old East Slavic name, meaning 'falling into' this describes its confluence with the Dvina River.
Lepel's origins are confused for it is unclear as to even which language the name comes from. Perhaps this is lepene and thus 'the lake between the groves of lime trees'; or maybe this is from the Belarusian for 'where advanced pottery is made' or even the boast that it is 'the best place to live'. Three very different meanings from three well-nigh identical words showing how difficult defining a place name can be.
Dubrovna is an ancient name, one coming from the Proto-Slavic term for a 'forest of oak trees' - this is recognised by the inclusion of the leaves and fruit of this tree in the coat of arms.
Dokshytsy is first recorded in the early fifteenth century and is named for the many tributaries or doxyczahe in this area.
Grodno derives its name from the Old East Slavic gorodit meaning 'to fence in' or 'to enclose'.
Ashmyany once stood on land held by Lithuania, with its name coming from the river. Hence the Oshmianka River gave the town its name, although then it was the Asmena River from akumo meaning 'stone'. Note the modern version is the plural.
Navahrudak was founded around the 11th century, the name possibly having the same origins as Novogorodok or 'the new little town' as it is listed in the middle of the 13th century.
Slonim is mentioned as such in 1252, with alternative versions as Uslonim and Vslonim. It is thought to come from the Slavic zaslona meaning 'a screen', this pointing to it being a southern outpost of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Occasionally there are suggestions of this coming from slon, although nobody really thinks the place names comes from the Polish word for 'elephant'.
Lida is another place name taken from its local river. Here the Lidzeya literally means 'to fuse' or 'to cast' but in this context is a pointer to a forest clearing.
Babruysk shares an origin with the Babruyka River in likely coming from Belarusian babyor meaning 'beaver'. Pollution and hunting has meant neither the city nor the river have seen a beaver in its natural habitat for more than 150 years.
Vawkavysk is traditionally held to originate from the local dialect where wolkow isk means 'searching for wolves' or wolkow wisk meaning 'the howling of wolves' with the river named before the town. This traditional relies on the name being an ancient one and given to the territory before the river or the settlement. Hence toponymists give a much later origin, one based on a single manuscript dating from somewhere around 1600. It tells of this being an area of great forest through which weaved the Nietupa River, giving travellers the problem of having to weave along narrow paths to either cross or avoid it. The forest also contained a cabin, this the home of Voloko and Visek, two robbers preying on every traveller passing through the forest. When one Prince Vladislav Zabeyko heard of these attacks he set out to find and kill these men. While the bodies of the men hung from a nearby tree to be fed on by the local birds, the first buildings of the new settlement were built on the site of the robbers' cabin. When all trace of the two bodies had vanished a large stone was placed there to warn others of the vengeance meted out to anyone who dared to use the forest for criminal purposes. This stone later incorporated in the building of the temple.
To find such a story as that behind the apparent origins of Vawkavysk promoted by toponymists is almost shocking. Indeed we would expect this to be the traditional tale. Note this narrative is from a single document, is from a much later date than most place names, and the absolute proof comes from the river. While the Nietupa River provided an apparent barrier to travellers in the sixteenth century, there is no major river here today, nor any water course which might prove difficult to cross.
Note the spellings of the places are English as the piece is written in English.
Sunday, 19 July 2015
Djibouti Place Names Explained
Having blogged samples of my books on English place names and also examined the etymologies of the nations of the world and their respective capitals I thought it time to cast my net a little wider. This time Djibouti and a look at some of its largest settlements and most interesting names and starting with the capital.
Djibouti City gave its name to the country, the city thought to have originated as the Afar word gabouri meaning 'plate'. This would have been a ceremonial item, a plate woven from the fibres of doum-palms.
Tadjoura comes from Afar, where the noun tagor, or tagar in the plural, speaks of 'that which has goatskin flasks for drawing water'. This should not be taken overly literally and is understood as simply speaking of 'an abundance of water'.
Dikhil is from the Somali language where dikhil simply refers to 'a watering hole'.
Loyada gets its name from the Afar Le-adu meaning 'the white watering place'. This became Loowya adde in Somali, changing the meaning slightly to 'with white calves'. Note the French spelling of Loyada is today increasingly seen as the Somali Lawya caddo.
Considering the location it should not be overly unsurprising to find all these place names to be based on a supply of water.
Note the spellings of the places are English as the piece is written in English.
Djibouti City gave its name to the country, the city thought to have originated as the Afar word gabouri meaning 'plate'. This would have been a ceremonial item, a plate woven from the fibres of doum-palms.
Tadjoura comes from Afar, where the noun tagor, or tagar in the plural, speaks of 'that which has goatskin flasks for drawing water'. This should not be taken overly literally and is understood as simply speaking of 'an abundance of water'.
Dikhil is from the Somali language where dikhil simply refers to 'a watering hole'.
Loyada gets its name from the Afar Le-adu meaning 'the white watering place'. This became Loowya adde in Somali, changing the meaning slightly to 'with white calves'. Note the French spelling of Loyada is today increasingly seen as the Somali Lawya caddo.
Considering the location it should not be overly unsurprising to find all these place names to be based on a supply of water.
Note the spellings of the places are English as the piece is written in English.
Saturday, 11 July 2015
Bangladesh Place Names
Having blogged samples of my books on English place names and also examined the etymologies of the nations of the world and their respective capitals I thought it time to cast my net a little wider. This time Bangladesh and a look at some of its largest settlements and most interesting names.
Dhaka is the capital and largest city, the origins of which are uncertain but not lacking in suggestions. Most often this is said to come from the dhak tree, also called the flame of the forest, which may once have been common in the area. However we also find this explained as from the goddess Dhakeshwari, her shrine being found in the city. A third story refers to a musical instrument, the dhak being played by Subahdar Islam Khan I when the city was founded in 1610. Fourth is Dhaka Bhasa, a Prakrit dialect reference to ‘a watch tower’. Perhaps we shall never know.
Chittagong is a westernised version of the Bengali name of Chattagram, Chattagaon, Chattala, Chativavo, Chaityabhumi, and Chatgaon. Although the Arabs had long known the port as Shetgang, from Shatt or ‘delta’ and Ganga meaning ‘Ganges’, a Chinese traveller recorded the name as Cheh-ti-gan and this is said to have produced the modern form.
Rajshahi is generally accepted as coming from the Hindi Raj and Persian-influenced Shahi which both refer to either the ‘royal’ or the ‘kingdom’ depending upon context.
Narayanganj got its name from the religious leader Bicon Lal Pandey, a Hindu also known as Benur Thakur or Lakshi Narayan Thakur.
Note the spellings of the places are in English as the piece is in English.
Dhaka is the capital and largest city, the origins of which are uncertain but not lacking in suggestions. Most often this is said to come from the dhak tree, also called the flame of the forest, which may once have been common in the area. However we also find this explained as from the goddess Dhakeshwari, her shrine being found in the city. A third story refers to a musical instrument, the dhak being played by Subahdar Islam Khan I when the city was founded in 1610. Fourth is Dhaka Bhasa, a Prakrit dialect reference to ‘a watch tower’. Perhaps we shall never know.
Chittagong is a westernised version of the Bengali name of Chattagram, Chattagaon, Chattala, Chativavo, Chaityabhumi, and Chatgaon. Although the Arabs had long known the port as Shetgang, from Shatt or ‘delta’ and Ganga meaning ‘Ganges’, a Chinese traveller recorded the name as Cheh-ti-gan and this is said to have produced the modern form.
Rajshahi is generally accepted as coming from the Hindi Raj and Persian-influenced Shahi which both refer to either the ‘royal’ or the ‘kingdom’ depending upon context.
Narayanganj got its name from the religious leader Bicon Lal Pandey, a Hindu also known as Benur Thakur or Lakshi Narayan Thakur.
Note the spellings of the places are in English as the piece is in English.
Sunday, 5 July 2015
Bahrain Place Names Explained
Having blogged samples of my books on English place names and also examined the etymologies of the nations of the world and their respective capitals I thought it time I cast my net a little wider. This time a look at the Bahrain and some of the largest settlements and most interesting names.
Manama is the capital city, with a name derived from the Arabic word al-manama perhaps used to describe 'the place of rest' or alternatively 'the place of dreams'. The capital is by far the largest being the only place to boast a population of over one million.
Muharraq was Bahrain's capital until replaced by Manama in 1923. Its name comes from the Arabic, quite literally meaning 'burned down'
Isa Town is named very recently, remembering the ruler of Bahrain from 1961 to 1999, one Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifah.
Jidhafs has been defined by Bahraini historians as 'the coast of Hafs'.
Sanabis has uncertain origins, although traditionally this is held to be named after the Qahtanite Tavy who migrated to the general area and who were also known as the Sinbas.
Note the spellings of the places are English as the piece is written in English.
Manama is the capital city, with a name derived from the Arabic word al-manama perhaps used to describe 'the place of rest' or alternatively 'the place of dreams'. The capital is by far the largest being the only place to boast a population of over one million.
Muharraq was Bahrain's capital until replaced by Manama in 1923. Its name comes from the Arabic, quite literally meaning 'burned down'
Isa Town is named very recently, remembering the ruler of Bahrain from 1961 to 1999, one Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifah.
Jidhafs has been defined by Bahraini historians as 'the coast of Hafs'.
Sanabis has uncertain origins, although traditionally this is held to be named after the Qahtanite Tavy who migrated to the general area and who were also known as the Sinbas.
Note the spellings of the places are English as the piece is written in English.
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