tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56552604551181364802024-03-17T08:06:09.257-07:00Mumblings of a so-called writerAnthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.comBlogger763125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-73631899126633054702024-03-17T08:05:00.000-07:002024-03-17T08:05:29.026-07:00Job Idioms Several words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'elephant' last time and this time it's 'job'.
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Job lot is first recorded in 1832, but an earlier obsolete sense of ‘cartload’ and even ‘lump’ existed. Now this earlier sense probably has a different etymological trail (albeit the same root) in an early Germanic <I>gob</I> which, again, means ‘lump.
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Job is used in the slang sense of ‘theft, robbery’ from 1722.
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Nobody is recorded as being ‘on the job’ until 1882 – no, then it would have been describing someone hard at work; which is clearly the beginnings of your initial understanding. Let’s move swiftly on.
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Job security appears for the first time in 1932 – predictably job insecurity followed four years later.
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Nobody ever thought of job sharing until 1972.
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Job hunting was not seen in print until 1928.
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The phrase ‘job of work’ is first seen in a work by Trollope in 1873.
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Job is also used in the sense of ‘to buy and sell as a broker’ in the 1660s.
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Another sense of ‘job’ is seen from 1721, when the word described those dealing in their own stocks and shares rather than using a broker.
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In 1903 ‘job’ became slang for ‘cheat, betray’ – and from the earlier use of the word to mean ‘the perversion of justice for one’s own benefit’..
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I’m not going to say nobody had a blowjob before 1961 - although earlier it had been simply ‘to blow (someone) off’ and had been since 1933 – because blow jobs were used as military slang from the 1950s, as USAF pilots used this to describe their jet aircraft.
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In the 1940s the phrase ‘hand job’ appears, but describes ‘a piece of work done by hand’.
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A nose job, correctly rhinoplasty, is seen from 1948.
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Nobody was jobless until 1892.
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And from the 1680s, and now obsolete, comes jobation, which is defined as ‘a long, tedious scolding’. Here the term probably comes from the Biblical character Job, he seen as a patriarchal figure (and a very wealthy individual).
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Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-55063680610645210302024-03-10T06:07:00.000-07:002024-03-10T06:07:30.798-07:00Elephant Idioms Several words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'silver' last time and this time it's 'elephant'.
To see the elephant, an Americanism from around 1835, refers to gaining knowledge by experience.
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Elephant jokes have only been told since around 1960. Of course I will – What wears glass slippers and weighs over three tons? (Cinderellephant)
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Nobody bought a white elephant until 1851.
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Elephantiasis is one of two diseases, normally by a thickening of a part of the body (usually the legs) or a wrinkling of the skin akin to that of an elephant – both seen from around 1580. Note the skin version is also known as Egyptian leprosy.
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Elephantine, used to describe something very big, is first seen in the 1620s.
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Oliphant is first seen in the early 17th century, not a reference to the animal but to its ivory tusk, while heffalump is first seen in A. A. Milne’s books from 1926, although we are never overly sure it is actually an elephant.
Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-79222681447134524772024-03-04T14:19:00.000-08:002024-03-04T14:19:44.311-08:00Silver Idioms Several words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'gold' last time and this time it's 'silver'.
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Silverware, ie articles made from silver, is first seen in the early 14th century.
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Silver age was a term used to describe the years 18AD to 133AD and the literature produced during those years, it clearly wasn’t as good as the golden age which reigned for the previous 88 years.
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Silver spoon in the literal sense is seen from the early 15th century, the metaphorical sense in referring to affluence is seen from 1719.
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Silver hook may not be in general use these days, but from 1600 it was used to refer to anyone (or anything) can be lured if the potential prize is seen as worth it. Daniel Defoe wrote “The Golden Bait and the Silver Hook will catch Fish upon dry land” in 1708.
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Silver bullet is a reference to a remedy so effective as to be almost magical, while weapons of silver have been lauded as guaranteed to defeat the foe since Greek times.
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Silver lining, which as we all know every cloud has, is first recorded in 1843, when John Milton wrote <I>Comus</I>.
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Silver star was a US military decoration from 1918, when a small badge was given to be worn on the campaign ribbon, then the medal itself was established on 8 August 1932.
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Silver screen, a reference to the movie industry, is seen from 1924. However, the term had been recorded for the three preceding years and referred to the colour of the projection screens as the metallic paint gave a better result by being more reflective.
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Quicksilver, an alternative name for mercury, is seen in late Old English <I>cwicseolfor</I> meaning ‘living silver’ as it is a liquid at normal temperatures and pressures. Thus this dates from around 1200 years ago.
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Silverfish, that insect also known as the bristletail and which tends to eat paper, is recorded from 1855. References prior to that are simply generic terms for any fish.
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Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-31901044375545327312024-02-25T08:22:00.000-08:002024-02-25T08:22:20.647-08:00Gold IdiomsSeveral words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'back' last time and this time it's 'gold'.
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The gold rush is first recorded in 1859.
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The first gold medal for a winner was awarded in 1757.
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Gold records were first awarded in 1948. Apparently it was awarded to Frankie Laine for his recording of <I>That’s My Desire</I>, it having sold a million copies. Remembering these were 78rpm recordings, a million pressings would represent over 98 tons in weight, around 15 African elephants.
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Gold leaf is first recorded in 1727.
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The metal was extracted from what was named as a gold mine for the first time in the late 15th century, and the phrase was later used to describe anything producing great wealth in 1882.
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One who looks for gold in the ground is described as a gold digger in 1816, then 99 years later we find the phrase used to describe someone using their situation purely for financial gain.
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The marigold, as in the flower, is first named as such in the late 14th century, prior to that it was known simply as a ‘golde’.
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Goldfish are first described as such in the 1690s when they were first imported from China.
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Goldfish bowl, a situation where a person has no privacy, is first used in 1935.
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Goldilocks first appears in the Three Bears story in 1837 (in Robert Southey’s collection called <I>The Doctor</I>), but from 1540 it was used to describe a person with bright yellow hair, and from 1570 was another name for the buttercup.
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A goldsmith, one who works in the metal, is first seen in Saxon times.
Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-71483116743870619322024-02-18T07:53:00.000-08:002024-02-18T07:53:05.719-08:00Back IdiomsSeveral words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'hand' last time and this time it's 'back'.
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Turning one’s back on someone (or something) appears in the early 14th century.
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Nobody knew anything like the back of their hand is first recorded in the book <I>Catriona</I> by Robert Louis Stevenson, pubnlished in 1893. In the late 19th century ‘the back of my hand to you’ is used in the context of ‘I will have nothing to do with you’.
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Backdoors didn’t exist before the 1640s.
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Back seat – you know that place where passengers sit when you’re driving – appears for the first time in 1923, but refers to those seated to the rear of a coach, while the term back-seat driver is first seen in print as early as 1923.
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Back-formation, a term I use quite often when speaking on the origins of place names, refers to any word formed from an existing word and has been found since at least 1887.
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Back beat is officially defined as ‘a strong beat regularly falling on a normally unaccented beat of a bar’ when it was first used in 1928 to describe jazz. Or, as John Lennon tweaked the words to Chuck Berry’s <I>Rock and Roll Music</I> ‘It’s got a back beat you can’t blues it.”
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Back slang has rather fallen out of use in the modern era, but when first seen in 1860 it described words prounced backwards (or nearly so).
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A ladder-back is a chair design seen from 1898.
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Pullback is first seen in the mid-17th century when it described the action of pulling someone back, but from 1951 it was used to refer to an orderly military retreat.
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Nobody offered their support by saying they would back them up before 1767, but the sense of back up used to describe such as a blockage in a pipe (or latterly traffic) is not seen until 1834.
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Back down, as in withdraw a challenge or statement, is first seen in 1859.
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Nobody suffered from back ache until the beginning of the 17th century.
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Back-breaking is not used until 1849. <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif8N7dQcCUxrhWa6udlxRQzW3y_i54U0prIYONkmHBz7rgLvJ0t2LCtIbkZbc3fj6cLSZqipJL1Pv8vzGGoJ09ep0ST629sQYvIVnmUldK5y15PhqRP-JhPaGCPPcoE_Egyq_H-lAx-ZBnF0sLCttnTGr847Hbl5SxNEvh455m_Q-Abv0kMGnexngG540/s267/backache.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="188" data-original-width="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif8N7dQcCUxrhWa6udlxRQzW3y_i54U0prIYONkmHBz7rgLvJ0t2LCtIbkZbc3fj6cLSZqipJL1Pv8vzGGoJ09ep0ST629sQYvIVnmUldK5y15PhqRP-JhPaGCPPcoE_Egyq_H-lAx-ZBnF0sLCttnTGr847Hbl5SxNEvh455m_Q-Abv0kMGnexngG540/s320/backache.jpg"/></a></div>
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And nobody described a leatherback turtle as such until 1855.
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Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-11941878232027900302024-02-11T08:53:00.000-08:002024-02-11T08:53:23.739-08:00Hand Idioms Several words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'street' last time and this time it's 'hand'.
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Firsthand (also secondhand, etc) is first recorded in the 15th century.
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At hand in its current use is first seen around 1300, but there is an earlier use from around 1200 when it meant ‘near in time’.
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In hand is first seen in the early 13th century, while …..
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Out of hand doesn’t make an appearance until 1590.
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Hand over fist first appears in a document dated 1803, then used solely in a nautical sense.
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On the one hand (and on the other hand) are first recorded in the 1630s.
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Hand to hand appears around 1400.
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Hand to mouth first recorded around 1500.
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Hand in hand is also seen from around 1500, but was then used to mean ‘with hands clasped’, not until seventy years later did it gain the modern sense.
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Hand it to (someone), when referring to an acknowledgement of another’s abilities, is recorded from 1906.
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Handful in the modern sense of all that can be held in one hand, has been used since the 15th century. Prior to that the term used was ‘handbreadth’, which was also used for a linear measurement of about 4 inches. Having one’s hands full (as in busy) is first seen in the late 15th century.
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Offhand is first seen in 1690 when used to mean ‘immediately’, shortly afterwards, in 1719, it is also used in its modern sense.
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Right hand, when describing the hand, is first seen around 900, coming about as it was seen as the correct hand to use. Around 1200 the term is starting to take on the sense of that side. Later, in the 1520s, it is used to describe a close worker or assistant. And finally, around 1700, it is used to refer to a person’s dominant side.
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Handbasket is seen from the late 15th century, when it referred to a basket held in the hand. The expression hell in a handbasket is first seen in 1867, and was probably born from the earlier (and now largely obsolete) heaven in a handbasket from 1853, which referred to an easy journey.
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Nobody said they were drawing ‘freehand’ until 1867.
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And nobody had handwriting until 1745 – which makes sense, as everything would be written by hand before the invention of printing.
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The hand jive was created, and referred to, for the first time in 1958.
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Nothing was ‘handmade’ until 1610, and for the same reason as the handwriting comment above.
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Hand grenade is first seen as early as 1660.
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Nothing had a handrail until 1793, or at least wasn’t described as such.
Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-23593716154232918612024-02-05T11:58:00.000-08:002024-02-05T11:58:12.331-08:00Street Idioms Several words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'road' last time and this time it is, perhaps predictably, 'street'.
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Street people is a reference to the homeless seen from 1967, albeit ‘on the streets’ had been used since 1852, and the former used to refer to prostitutes from around 1728.
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Street smarts, another Americanism, is first recorded in 1971.
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Street credibility, today almost always abbreviated to ‘street cred’, has only been seen since 1979.
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Street preacher is first seen in 1722, albeit originally referring to Methodists, or sometimes Quakers.
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Street sweepers were not known as such before 1848.
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Street wise is first recorded in 1951.
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Street car, the American equivalent of the British ‘tram’, is first recorded in 1859.
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Street walker is used tro refer to a prostitute from 1590, and twenty years later describes a pedestrian.
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Backstreet has been used to refer to a route away from the more regular routes since the 15th century, and used in a derogatory sense for almost as long.
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Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-43003026099572998662024-01-28T06:32:00.000-08:002024-01-28T06:32:31.828-08:00 Road IdiomsSeveral words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'bread' last time and this time it's 'road'.
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Road test (of a vehicle) is first recorded in 1906, but not as a verb before 1937.
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Road hogs, rather surprisingly, have been around since 1886.
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However, road rage has only been seen since 1988.
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Road maps have only been around since 1786, or at least the term has.
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Road trip, still more often used in the USA but gaining popularity in Britain, was first used in 1950 but originally only of baseball teams. (Presumably when they were heading for an away game.)
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Road runner, the Warner Brothers cartoon character dates from 1948, was first recorded in a document dated 1847. Of course the bird has been around for much longer – it is also known as a ‘long-tailed crested desert cuckoo’ or ‘the chaparral-cock’.
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Nothing ran ‘off-road’ before 1949.
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By-road (or side road as we would say in Britain) appears as early as 1670.
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Post road, this a road on which there are stations used by post horses in a relay system to transport the mail, is first described as such in 1650.
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The ring road, that which annoys so many when they are built on green belt land, is first seen in 1928.
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Crossroad is first seen in the modern sense in 1808. Before then, and since the 1680s, it referred to a road which connects one main road to another. When roads were just tracks, a crossroad would be a single road with a marker on it showing where a meeting would take place.
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Railroad is an American term and first seen in 1757 when referring to rails laid to allow heavy waggons to pass and used in mining operations. It was not applied to trains in the modern sense until 1825.
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Roadkill is first seen in 1962.
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Roadside is first seen in 1744, but not used as an adjective until 1810.
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Roadblocks were not put up until 1940, prior to that they were known as something else – keep this in mind when the military in that First World War film put up a roadblock!
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Roadwork is first seen in 1765 when it was used to refer to repairs or even making roads. This makes perfect sense as it coincides, more or less, with the turnpike roads. Surprisingly the sense of ‘to exercise’ comes as early as 1903.
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To make inroads is first seen as 1540, when used to describe a hostile incursion.
Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-79027910844589686892024-01-21T07:04:00.000-08:002024-01-21T07:04:17.621-08:00Bread Idioms Several words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'work' last time and this time it's 'bread'.
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Breadwinner is recorded as early as 1719, but the slang term ‘bread’ for money is not recorded before 1940. Clearly the latter comes from ‘breadwinner’, and a reference to bread being the staff of life. Note the Latin <I>panis</I> and French <I>pain</I>, both meaning ‘bread’, have a link to the English ‘pantry’ which was where bread was stored.
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Bread an circuses, first seen in English in 1914, comes from the Latin where <I>Duas tantum res anxius optal, Panem et circenes</I> comments on how the ruling classes can keep the populace happy by providing them with food and entertainment.
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Bread and butter, a phrase describing one’s most basic needs, is first seen in the 1620s.
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Bread basket, aside from a basket to hold bread, is a slang term for the belly, first recorded in 1753. Slightly earlier, dating from around 1590, is another slang term for the belly in ‘pudding house’.
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Monkey bread, which is not bread but fruit from the baobab tree, is first seen in a document dated 1789.
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Breadwinner, the chief earner, is first seen in 1821.
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Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-8646678166114167622024-01-14T05:53:00.000-08:002024-01-14T05:53:45.475-08:00Work Idioms Several words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'black' last time and this time it's 'work'.
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Work of art in its modern sense (as anything wondrous to behold) is first recorded in 1774, however there is an earlier sense dating from 1728 when it was clearly coined to refer solely to something created by mankind.
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Work ethic is first seen in 1959.
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Out of work, or unemployed if you prefer, is first recorded as early as 1590.
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Making short work of something is first seen in the 1640s.
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The proverb ‘many hands make light work’ is first recorded around 1300.
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Having one’s work cut out for one is first seen in 1610.
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Work in progress is recorded for the first time in 1930.
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To work in (clay, wood, metal, etc) is seen for the first time in the 1670s.
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To work up (a sweat, excite, raise, etc) appears for the first time in print around 1590.
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To work over, as in to beat up, dates from 1927.
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To work against, as in to undermine - delay, subvert – dates from the late 14th century.
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To work out, in the physical sense, is recorded in 1530; in the mathematical sense from 1821; in the sense of emerge from around 1600; and in the mining sense from 1540.
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Guesswork is first seen in 1725.
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Fieldwork, as in gathering statistics or other on the ground research, appears in a document dated 1767, and in a military sense in 1819.
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Legwork first appears in print in 1891, but then was used solely by news reporters to refer to a story which resulted in a great deal of physical work compared to the resulting word count.
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Masterwork is used to refer to one which sets a standard or model, first appearing in 1610 and thought to have come to English from Dutch and/or German.
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Nobody was considered a night-worker until 1590 – of course people did work nights, but the phrase is not used until the late 16th century.
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Overwork, as in working too hard, appears in a document dated 1520. Yet the word had been in use for almost a thousand years prior to that, but used in the sense of ‘to redo’.
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Piecework is something from a couple of generations ago, it is being paid by performance, but historically this had been used since the middle of the 16th century.
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Homework, something I never saw any of my siblings do (perhaps they thought I had enough for all of us), is first seen in 1934. Prior to that it was used to refer to tuition in the home, and earlier still any cottage industry.
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Handiwork appears as early as the 12th century.
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Patchwork is first seen in 1690 and used in a derogatory sense to describe ‘that put together clumsily’, and first sense in the modern sense just 30 years later.
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Workday is pretty obvious one would think, and yes since the early 16th century that is what the word has implied. Yet prior to that, and from the pre-Norman era, it had the opposite meaning in being ‘a day when work was suspended’.
Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-20206259089447897972024-01-07T06:37:00.000-08:002024-01-07T06:37:35.649-08:00Black Idioms Several words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'bean' last time and this time it's 'black'.
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Black market, the retailer who ignores official procedure, is not seen until 1935 when it was a noun. The adjective followed in 1935, but not until rationing during the Second World War did it achieve any kind of popularity.
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Black leg when referring to strike breakers is not seen until 1865, but had been used since at least 1771 to refer to a ‘swindler’, particularly those involved in equestrian events.
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Black drop, first seen in 1823, was a liquid preparation of opium used for medicinal purposes.
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Black magic is first seen around 1300, this a natural progression as the colour was associated with anything considered sinful or sorrowful.
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Black flag is first seen in 1590, a reference to a flag flown by those (such as pirates) who would show no mercy. So nice of them to tell us, don’t you think?
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Black dog, first seen in 1826, is used as an adjective to mean ‘melancholy’.
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Black belt, in the judo sense, is not seen until 1913. It is also used in the USA to describe the fertility of the soil.
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Black and white, not the colours but a reference to something in print, is first seen in the 1650s. Now a printing reference came about before this and, from 1590, the phrase was reversed in ‘white and black’.
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In the black, ie not in debt, is not found until 1922. The idea being any positive figure would appear in black and negative values (debt) in red.
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Black eye has had three uses over the years, these uses having overlapped. The discolouration of the eye following injury dates from around 1600; a reference to an injury to one’s pride from 1744; and to refer to one with a bad reputation from 1880s.
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Black-eyed Susan, any of several species of flower, first recorded in 1881. Note it was also the title of a poem by the early 18th century poet John Gay; and a popular 19th century British stage play.
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Black swan is a fairly popular pub name and often depicts the bird native to Australia and New Zealand. Yet despite James Cook not landing in Australia until 1770, prior to which one of the requirements of being classified a swan was to be white, the phrase (and pub names) had existed since at least the early 14th century, more than four centuries before Cook was even born. This is because it had been used as a description of anything extremely rare or non-existent – in Latin <I>rara avis</I>, and is why the image appears on heraldic symbols. Note, ‘white crow’ and ‘blue dahlia’ were also used in the same context and for the same reason – I look forward to a pint in the White Crow.
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Lamp black is a pigment (or ink) named as it was original gathered from the soot produced in oil lamps.
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Black light is light beyond the visible spectrum, and first coined in 1927.
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Black tie may have been worn before its first record of 1848, but is not used as a description for dress code until 1933.
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Black hearted, describing one who is inherently cruel or malicious, first appears in 1792.
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Black Hills in South Dakota – Doris Day once sang about wanting to be taken back to them – is a place name coming from Lakhota <I>paha –sapa</I> as the heavily forested sides of the hills appear dark from a distance.
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Black Shirts is first adopted as the name of the Italian paramilitary unit founded by Mussolini in 1922, albeit this three years after their founding. It is simply a reference to the colour of their uniform.
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Blackball is to exclude (usually by voting). First seen in 1770, it refers to exclusion by a secret ballot.
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Blacklist, names of those excluded or banned from something, appears as early as 1610, and had been inferred to more than twenty years earlier still in someone being ‘black booked’.
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Blackout was first used in 1908 in referring to a darkened stage. The sense ‘loss of memory’ dates from 1934; ‘extinguishing lights in an air raid’ in 1935; and as early as 1888 to refer to blacked out information in a written document because deemed objectionable, sensitive, or secret.
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Blackguard’s origins are unclear, but we do know it appears in writing in the 1530s when it was used to mean ‘scoundrel’. Not until 1736 did it have the modern sense of ‘criminal, coarse person’.
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Black comedy has certainly been around for centuries, but was not described as such before 1961. Prior to that the term used would be gallows humour, seen since the 19th century, and the change may have been inspired by the French expression <I>comedie noire</I>, first recorded in 1958, although the French ‘black comedy’ referred to a ‘macabre or farcical rendering of a violent or tragic theme’.
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Blackmail is first recorded around 1550 – the term from Old English <I>mal</I> and Middle English <I>male</I> meaning ‘lawsuit’ – and originally referred to money (or goods) paid in what would today be seen as a protection racket. The modern sense of ‘blackmail’ is not seen until 1826. It is also worthwhile mentioning the sixteenth century terms ‘silver mail’, rent paid in money rather than in goods, and the indiscretion resulting in a fine for fornication known as ‘buttock mail’.
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Black hole first appears in 1968 in a paper on astrophysics. It is often said the original series of Star Trek is the first use of the term ‘black hole’, but this is not the case – in the episode entitled The Arena, first broadcast in January 1967, the term used in ‘black planet’, which is clear, in the context of the story, not the same thing. The term may have been inspired by the infamous Black Hole of Calcutta of 19 June 1756, when the Newab of Bengal retaliated against the British capturing Fort William by imprisoning 146 British Prisoners of War in a punishment cell overnight. That cell was designed to hold just four individuals and only 23 were alive when released.
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Black coffee was certainly drunk before 1796, but is not referred to as such before then. Note, the sense of ‘black’ coffee is not thought to have referred to coffee without milk (or cream) but with nothing added at all.
Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-52780226799896357742023-12-31T06:28:00.000-08:002023-12-31T06:28:57.619-08:00Bean Idioms Several words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'food' last time and this time it's 'bean'.
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Baked beans have been (pun intended) since 1803.
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Kidney bean is first recorded in the 1560s, so called because of its shape.
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Runner bean is seen from around 1900, a reference to the long shoots which run out from the parent plant.
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Bean counter, a slang term for an accountant, is first recorded in 1971.
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Bean shooter, an Americansism for a catapult, is recorded from 1876.
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Bean bag appears in print from 1871.
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Lima beans are first seen in 1756, although mispronounced as it should rhyme with ‘beamer’ and not ‘timer’, the vegetable named after the capital of Peru where the vegetable is held to have come.
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Old bean, a term of endearment but usually restricted to those of the upper classes and to males, came into being during the First World War. Sadly nobody knows where it started.
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Food chain is first recorded as recently as 1915.
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Food poisoning is first described in 1864.
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Nobody used a food processor before 1973.
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Seafood is not described as such until 1836.
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Foodstuff is a term unknown before 1870.
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Foodoholic is first used in 1965.This seen as a negative, unlike …..
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Foodie, which was used as a synonym for ‘gourmet’ from 1982.
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Food stamps, a US scheme to help the more impoverished feed themselves, is first seen in 1962.
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Fast food is not seen until 1951. I’ve always thought it something of an oxymoron, as ‘fast’ is also used to mean ‘avoid food’.
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Horseradish is not recorded as such before 1590. Now this is nothing to do with an equine, the first element is used to denote ‘strong, coarse, large’. Indeed. Once English also featured the terms: horsemushroom (1866), horsebalm (1808), horseparsley, horsemussel, horsemint, horseemmet (a large any) and horse marten (a large bee).
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Horse latitudes is first used in 1777, although where it came from is anyone’s guess, but does refer to subtropical latitudes known for calm winds and low rainfall.
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Horse pistol is seen from 1704, a large pistol used by those on horseback.
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A dead horse is something no longer useful, and was used from the 1630s.
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Flogging a dead horse, as in trying to revive something without success, is first seen in 1864.
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Horsegodmother was a woman seen as rather masculine, first recorded in 1829.
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Horse’s mouth, as in information directly from the source (or claimed to be) is first attested in 1921 – thought to have been a racing term first of all.
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To swap horses midstream, indicating a bad move, seems to have come to the fore in the American Civil War and some maintain it is a direct quote from the writings of Abraham Lincoln (although Honest Abe never claimed to have coined the phrase, and doubtless won’t now).
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Hold your horses – ie slow down a little – first appears in 1842.
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Horse play, to lark about, is first seen in 1893.
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Horse chestnuts were first named as such in a document from around 1590. Thought to have been named as these were fed to horses.
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Clotheshorse, which is something used for drying the washing, dates from 1788. From 1850, the same term was applied to those who liked to show off their attire – also known as a clothes screen in 1830.
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Getting on your high horse is first seen in the early 14th century.
Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-12506687640276749092023-12-10T06:02:00.000-08:002023-12-17T05:35:13.090-08:00Water IdiomsSeveral words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'leg' last time and this time it's 'water'.
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Salt water is first described as such in Old English and thus around since the 6th or 7th century. Whilst an American term, it is worth noting the term salt water taffy is seen only since 1886 and was only known as such as it was sold at seaside resorts, particularly Atlantic City.
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Waterpipe is not recorded until 1400, and then applied to a conduit (thus not necessarily an enclosed pipe).
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Water closet, more often abbreviated to simply WC, described a privy with a waste pipe where the privy was emptied by a flush of water. The term is first recorded in 1755.
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Water ice, is a reference to the (usually) flavoured water in a frozen state – first recorded in 1818.
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Waterlilies have only been described as such since the 1540s,
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Waterski first appeared as a noun in 1931, not used as a verb for another 22 years.
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Watertable, this used to describe the level of saturated ground, is first seen in 1879.
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Water moccasin, a snake indigenous to the Southern United States, is first described as such in a document dated 1821.
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Waterwheels have been recorded since the early 15th century, although the technology is much older.
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Rosewater, a tincture or perfume, came to English from the Dutch in the late 14th century.
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Watermarks, used to identify paper as genuine, first appears in 1708. Not until 1866 was it used as a term to say the paperwork had been spoiled.
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Watergate began as a channel to carry water, principally for irrigation. Of course the Wategate scandal of 1972, it the name of the building housing the Democrats during the presidential election, has given the suffix ‘–gate’ to every scandal in the modern era.
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Leg in a cricketing sense probably began in the earliest days when cricket was played, thought to be in the 16th century. Although there is also the phrase ‘to take leg bail’ found in 1774, which had no connection with cricket but slang for running away.
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Leg referring to furniture is not used before 1670s.
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Legs in clothes are not recorded as such before the 1570s.
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Nobody had a leg up until 1837.
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Last leg, first leg, referred to parts of a journey, became popular during the 1920s. Prior to that it referred to a a run made on a single tack when sailing into the wind and more often said to be a long leg or a short leg.
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Shake a leg may mean to rise from one’s bed today, but in 1869 you would be expected to dance.
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On one’s last legs is a phrase first seen in the 1590s.
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Leg work is first recorded in 1891, and originally applied exclusively to news reporters.
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Leg room only came into use in 1846.
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Leg warmers are not seen before 1974.
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Leg man has one meaning today, but when first recorded in 1923 it described an assistant who was the more mobile of the two.
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Bootleg is used to refer to unauthorized recordings in the modern era, but when was first used in the 1630s it referred to the upper part of the boot, and as a reference to illegal alcohol in 1889.
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Blacklegs were originally swindlers in the 1770s, and not until 1865 was it used to refer to strike breakers.
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Dogleg was chosen to describe the bent shape from 1843, but earlier the term dog legged described a staircase without a well hole and consists of two flights with or without winders.
Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-57889408909309226252023-11-26T05:03:00.000-08:002023-11-26T05:03:42.147-08:00Arm Idioms Several words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'mouth' last time and this time it's 'arm'.
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Arm wrestling is first described in writing in 1899.
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Coat of arms is a phrase first seen in the early 14th century.
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To bear arms, in the sense of military service’ first appears in the 1640s.
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Armband today conjures up the inflatable swimming aid, but when it first appeared in 1782 it more often referred to a bracelet, one worn on the upper arm.
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Armchair is first recorded around 1630, this shortly before the alternative name of elbowchair is seen.
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Armpit is first recorded in the middle of the 14th century, when armhole was equally popular, although the latter died out by the 18th century (at least in the armpit sense).
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Arms race is not seen until the 1930s, first used in British English and referring specifically to naval build-ups.
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Arms length is first seen in documents dated around the 1650s, although there are records of arms end from about 1570.
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Armful is first seen in the 1570s.
Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-69454975486237621712023-11-19T07:25:00.000-08:002023-11-19T07:25:43.576-08:00Mouth IdiomsSeveral words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'hand' last time and this time it's 'mouth'.
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Mouthorgan is not seen until the 1660s.
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Mouth-breather is a description first recorded in 1883 (although I have no idea what it was describing). <BR><BR>
Mouth-to-mouth was not performed until 1909, or at least not recorded as such. Interesting to note it is by no means certain this referred to artificial respiration.
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Word of mouth is a phrase first recorded in the 1550s.
<BR><BR>
To put words into someone’s mouth is first recorded at the end of the 14th century.
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But to take words out of someone’s mouth had to wait another 40/50 years until around the 1520s.
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Nobody was down in the mouth before the 1640s, or at least it was not descibed as such – incidentally, it is a reference to the mouth being turned down at the corners.
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<BR><BR>
Blabbermouth is not seen until 1931.
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Cottonmouth is a venomous snake of the southern US states, named for the white line along its mouth, is first described as such in 1851.
<BR><BR>
While nothing was mouth-watering before 1822….
<BR><BR>
…. surprisingly a mouthwash is recorded in 1801.
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Mouthpieces are seen as part of musical instruments as early as 1776, this later used to refer to one who speaks for another in 1805, and in a legal sense from 1857.
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Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-23573189492876768502023-11-12T07:08:00.000-08:002023-11-12T07:11:43.183-08:00Hand Idioms Several words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'touch' last time and this time it's 'hand'.
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Hand to mouth is first used as early as 1600
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First hand (and also second hand) both seen in writing for the first time in the middle of the 15th century.
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At hand, used in the sense of 'nearby' is first seen around 1300, but had been used for a century to mean 'soon'.
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In hand, as in 'undercontrol', is first found around 1200.
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On the other hand (and on the one hand, of course) is first recorded in 1630
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Hands up first appears in print in 1863, meaning it is highly unlikely this phrase was ever used by highwaymen as they had had their day decades earlier.
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Hand-to-hand fighting was not heard of until 1400.
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Hand in hand was seen in 1500, but only in the literal sense of having hands clasped together, not until 1570 was it used to mean 'concurrently'.
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Handrails may have been used before 1793, but it did not appear in writing until that year.
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Hand jive, that seated dance which is far too energetic for the likes of me, debuted in 1958.
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Freehand drawing must have been used since man first drew on cave walls, but nobody said so until 1848.
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Hand grenade may seem like a modern-ish weapon, but any bomb thrown by hand was referred as such from as early as 1630.
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Stagehands have only been employed since 1865.
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Farmhands, remarkably, have only been known as such since 1835.
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Handmade has been seen since 1610.
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Handout, as in alms to the poor, first came into use in 1882.
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Deckhands have been employed since 1839.
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Hand me downs have been worn only since 1826.
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Off hand, as in off the cuff, has been used since 1690.
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Hell in a handbasket is, as we know, coming to us from across the Atlantic. is seen since 1867. Interestingly, the idea of going to heaven in a handbasket (ie easy passage) is first seen in 1853.
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Handholds were not used before the 1640s.
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Handstands were not performed before 1897.
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Handbags were not sold until 1854.
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Handguns have been known as such since the middle of the 14th century.
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Handshakes have been known since 1801.
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Note, as ever, the dates given are the first surviving written record. Even if that is the first written usage, the term would certainly have been in use prior to that in order to appear in print.
Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-54947520897434011362023-11-05T04:37:00.001-08:002023-11-05T04:37:49.252-08:00Touch IdiomsSeveral words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'Dutch' last time and this time it's 'touch'.
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Touch and go is a game similar to tag, first seen in 1812.
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Touch football, a 'safe' form of American Football (to the British) where tackling is replaced by a mere touch and is first recorded in 1933.
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Touch me not is an expression first recorded in 1590, it's a put down used to deter would be suitors.
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Touch screen is first seen as early as 1974.
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Touch up, and I'm using this in its earliest sense of 'improvement requiring little effort' is first seen in 1872; and if used in a painting sense, dates from 1715.
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Touch wood (or knock on wood) dates from at least Celtic times 2,500 years ago.
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Touchdown, the main scoring method in American Football, comes from 1864 and was borrowed from rugby where it is recorded five years earlier.
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Touchstone, a fine-grained black quartz used for testing gold and silver alloys, is first seen in the late 15th century.
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<BR><BR>
Touched, a term meaning 'stirred emotionally', is first seen in the middle of the 14th century.
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Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-74392628184977909852023-10-29T08:59:00.001-07:002023-10-29T08:59:53.065-07:00Dutch IdiomsSeveral words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'break' last time and this time it's 'Dutch'. Before coming to what turns out to be rather a longer list than I expected, it should be noted that none of these will have been in use before 1600. Furthermore, many of these will be seen as derogatory which is down to the trading conflicts between the English/British and the Dutch since the 17th century.
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Going Dutch is where those dining in company pay for themselves.
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If that's true I'm a Dutchman is a way of denying what was said. (Also: if not I'm a Dutchman - seeks to strengthen an argument.)
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Dutch cure is to commit suicide.
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Dutch bargains are settled over drinks.
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Dutch auction is where the price starts high and steadily reduced until someone accepts the offer.
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Dutch agreement is made when intoxicated.
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Beat the Dutch is to exceed expectations.
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Dutch collar is a horse collar.
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Dutch comfort is to derive comfort by thinking things could be worse.
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Dutch concert is to make a lot of noise.
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Dutch courage comes from alcohol.
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Dutch defence is no defence at all.
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Dutch headache is more often called a hangover.
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Dutch leaf might look like gold leaf, but it isn't.
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Dutch leave when a military man is Absent Without Leave (AWOL).
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Dutch gold is an allow of copper and zinc, it's what Dutch leaf (above) is made from.
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Dutch oven is an enclosed cooking pot from around 1769, but there is also a later definition in which there are two people sharing a bed and one farts and pulls the covers over the other to give them the dubious benefit of the full experience.
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Dutch nightingales are frogs.
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Dutch reckoning is a high bill, especially one not itemised.
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Dutch rub is when one rubs their knuckles firmly across the top of the head of another.
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Dutch talent is best defined as more brawn than brain.
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Dutch widow or prostitute.
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Dutch wife is a long bolster pillow.
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Double Dutch refers to one talking gibberish.
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Dutch uncle is seen from 1838 and refers to a kindly figure but one who is straight-talking and strict.
Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-80809385760931365202023-10-21T13:24:00.002-07:002023-10-22T08:37:22.335-07:00Break IdiomsSeveral words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'money' last time and this time it's 'break'.
<BR><BR>
Break even, in a financial sense, has been known since 1914.
<BR><BR>
The straw that broke/breaks the camels back began as an English proverb "It is the last straw which breaks the camel's back" which sounds much better to me. First seen around 1755, by the time it had become fixed (around 1830s) the phrase had undergone many changes. Different forms in the late 18th and early 19th centuries saw the camel replaced by a horse or an elephant.
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Break bread, a phrase meaning 'to share a meal with', is not recorded before the end of the 14th century.
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Break dancing is not recorded in print before 1982, although the dance style was known in the late 70s in South Bronx.
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Break one's heart - it seems nobody had their heart broken, at least in print, before the end of the 14th century.
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Gaol (Jail) break has been used since at least 1735.
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Breakneck, earlier not just associated with speed but anything deemed hazardous, is first recorded in the 1560s.
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Breakwater, that structure which produces a safe harbour by holding back the worst of the waves, is first recorded in 1721.
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Break wind, fart if you prefer - and I did hear it on the BBC's <I>Blue Peter</I> (the word that is, not the fart) making it most certainly acceptable - did not appear in print until around 1550. Did people break wind before 1550? Yes, they just didn't refer to it as such.
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Break the ice is not known before 1600.
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Break a leg, the traditional theatrical way to wish someone good luck, is a tradition which is only from 1948, although that reference does suggest it was used since the 1920s. There is also a German version, which translates as 'break your neck and leg'.
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Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-28516498199141892512023-10-21T13:20:00.003-07:002023-10-21T13:20:48.071-07:00Money IdiomsSeveral words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'ball' last time and this time it's 'money'.
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Your money or your life, is apparently how every highwayman in history confronted his (or her) victims. Yet it is not until 1774 that the first written evidence of the phrase is used.
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In the money, describing someone as rich, originally referred to any competitor who finished a race or competition in a place where they won a prize and is first recorded in 1902.
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Nobody put their money where their mouth was until 1942.
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Money burned a hole in one's pocket as early as 1520, albeit correctly the phrase then included 'purse' instead of 'pocket'.
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Money lenders were first recorded in 1765.
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Money orders have been available since 1802.
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Money maker is first seen in the 13th century when it really did refer to one who made (or minted) coin. By 1864 it had become used to refer to one who accumulates wealth, and the modern sense of 'to yield a profit' is first seen in 1899.
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Money pit, something which swallows up cash as fast as it is thrown at it, is not recorded as a phrase until 1986 - the same year as a film of that name was released. The term had been used before, but in 1930 it was simply a pit found where a notorious pirate was held to have hidden his ill-gotten gains.
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Smart money, cash used by those with prior information on a deal or bet, is first seen in 1926. However, the phrase is seen much earlier, for in 1760 it referred to money paid to buy the freedom of a recruit; and earlier still in 1690 it described cash paid to a sailor, soldier or other worker who had been disabled while employed.
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Hush money, a bribe paid to get someone to keep their mouth closed on a subject, is first seen in 1709.
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Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-2599110220705124312023-10-09T12:44:00.000-07:002023-10-09T12:44:01.559-07:00Ball IdiomsSeveral words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'air' last time and this time it's 'ball'.
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Ball of the foot dates from the 14th century and, unless your feet at very flat, there is a certain rounded shape to that part.
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Ball point pen is first seen in 1946, and it does describe the pen rather well.
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Ball of fire is not quite what you might think, for when first recorded in 1821 it referred to a glass of brandy; latterly used to refer to one who is highly successful in striving for success from around 1900.
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On the ball, as in to perform rather well, is seen from 1912.
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To keep your eye on the ball, which seems to me a rather wordy way to describe concentration, is first seen in 1907 and thought to be derived from golf.
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To have the ball, an expression meaning to hold an advantage, is not particularly popular today but must have been when first recorded around 1400.
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The ball was never in your court before 1956, although this tennis reference could well be much earlier as the name was played for centuries.
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Ballcocks, useful in plumbing disasters to shut off the water, is a term used since 1790.
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Puff ball, an accurate description of how this fungus distributes spores, has been found in print as early as 1640.
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Stoolball, a game you probably have never heard of before, was an outdoor game similar to cricket. Played by women from the late 15th century, the 'stool' was the wicket and it seems likely the wicket used an actual stool.
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Ball boy has been used to describe the laddie who retrieves tennis balls since 1896. Ball girls had to wait until 1953 before getting a mention, although girls were used from 1920.
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Ballbearings are used to reduce friction in mechanisms, the term first used in 1874.
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Ballrooms are designed for dancing, if you like that sort of thing, the term first documented in 1724. However, while we associate ballroom dancing with ballrooms, ballroom dancing is not recorded until 1872.
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Mothballs, despite the very old and very bad joke, were used to deter moths from laying their eggs on our clothes. The term is first recorded in 1891.
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And we can't go without giving some earliest dates for ball sports where, like football, 'ball' is a part of the name: football is found in a document from around 1400, and again in 1424 (where the reference bans the game); volleyball in 1896; racquetball from 1972; handball as early as 1885 (albeit a different game was also known as handball in the 15th century); basketball dates from 1892; and baseball from 1845.
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Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5655260455118136480.post-51417279827748790382023-10-01T06:11:00.001-07:002023-10-01T06:11:34.529-07:00Air IdiomsSeveral words have found themselves used in a number of phrases. We looked at 'face' last time and this time it's 'air'.
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Up in the air, to mean 'uncertain', is first recorded in 1752.
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Castles in the air, a phrase referring to ideas which are impractical, dates back to 1590. The following century we also see the word 'airmonger', describing someone who dreams of such visionary and impractical projects.
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On the air or being broadcasted, is seen for the first time in 1927. Airplay also made its debut in the same year.
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Air pollution may have existed before 1870, but reference as that is seen prior to then.
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Air guitar was not played by anyone before 1983, at least nobody called it that.
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Air traffic controller is first seen in 1956, presumably air traffic was controlled in the three or four decades or flight before then, even if the job holder did not have that job title.
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Hot air, describing someone boastful, is seen from 1900, although hot air balloons were described as such from 1813.
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Open air, or outdoors, is recorded as such in 1520.
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Air fresheners were not recorded as such until as recently as 1945.
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Air lock, such as those used in submarines and spacecraft, is used as early as 1851 when, we assume, they still hadn't built a spaceship.
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Air brake, it works on compressed air, is a term first seen in 1872.
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Air mail, that is mail delivered by aircraft, is first seen in 1913 - that is just 10 years after the Wright brothers made their first flight in the aircraft named, rather unimaginatively, Wright Flyer.
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Air bags, I would have thought, was a comparatively modern invention and would certainly have come after the car. And I would be correct, with the first air bags fitted as safety features in 1970. But this is nowhere near the first mention of an air bag, this came in 1836. In that time air bags were used to raise sunken vessels.
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Airspace today is that part of the atmosphere above a country for which they claim responsibility. Not possible before aircraft you would think, but you would be wrong for that use dates from 1910. Prior to that 'airspace' referred to the volume of air inside a room, in particular when speaking of whether the room could comfortably house a certain number and was used for boarding rooms, hospitals, etc., and first seen in 1852. But there is an earlier reference from 1847, used to refer to the airspace between the powder charge and the projectile in firearms. And there is an even earlier reference, this dates from 1821. Airspace in those days referred to the air filling a stove or furnace.
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Air brush, as a verb referring to touching up images, dates from 1902. Prior to that an air brush was a noun, an atomiser for spraying inks and paints.
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Anthony1956http://www.blogger.com/profile/08176449389709850998noreply@blogger.com0